"During the course of its conflicts with Hamas, Israel has often charged the militant group with using Palestinian civilians as human shields to deter Israeli military attacks or to cause large civilian casualty tolls and provoke international condemnation of the Jewish State—charges denied by the Hamas leadership. While such allegations have received occasional support from Israel’s geopolitical allies, such as the United States and the European Union, investigations by the United Nations and independent human rights groups have failed to substantiate them, while at the same time gathering evidence of Israel's own extensive involvement in using Palestinians as human shields during conflicts in the Gaza Strip or police operations in the occupied West Bank. While acknowledging that Hamas has launched rocket attacks against Israeli targets not far from civilian infrastructure in Gaza, Amnesty International says such behavior does not equate to the use of human shields.
International rights scholars have argued Israel exploits such allegations to cover up atrocities against Palestinian civilians and pre-empt sanctions for breaches of international law. Prominent civilian targets, such as the Al-Jalaa media tower, have been destroyed by Israeli forces under accusations that Hamas had misused them militarily, though these accusations have not been confirmed by third party investigators or have been refuted by survivors and witnesses.
More recently, however, Israeli civilians who survived the October 7, 2023 attack have told media and human rights groups that Hamas used them as human shields. However, accusations that Hamas has used Gaza hospitals and schools as military bases, made by Israel to justify, among other things, the attack on Al-Shifa hospital and the destruction of the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, remain unsupported or have been refuted by media investigation.
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